Medal Louis de Broglie Mathematician Science Wave Quantum Mechanics

Description: _tir49-255Alloy medal, from the Paris Mint, France (cornucopia hallmark from 1880).Struck around 1940 during the occupation, "metal D" on the edge.Minimal signs of handling, small bumps and scratches, beautiful old patina.Engraver : Georges GUIRAUD (c.1900-1989).Dimensions : 68 mm .Weight : 168 g.Metal : alloy .Mark on the edge: cornucopia + "METAL D".Fast and careful shipping.The easel is not for sale.The stand is not for sale. Louis Victor de Broglie, prince, then duke of Broglie (pronounced de Breuil [dəbʁɔj]1), born August 15, 1892 in Dieppe and died Mars 19, 1987 in Louveciennes2, is a French mathematician and physicist. At just 37 years old, he won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"3, which revolutionized physics by generalizing to all matter the wave-particle duality proposed by Einstein for light.BiographyLouis de Broglie, son of Victor de Broglie (1846-1906), 5th Duke of Broglie, and his wife, Pauline de La Forest d'Armaillé, came from the house of Broglie. As such, it has illustrious ancestors such as the three Marshals of Broglie, the banker and minister of Louis XVI Jacques Necker and his daughter Germaine de Staël. Like all the younger male members of this family, he initially bore the title of Prince de Broglie and it was under this title that he would be known for most of his career. It was only on July 14, 1960, after the death of his elder brother, Duke Maurice de Broglie, without surviving children, that he in turn became Duke of Broglie at the age of 68.He graduated in literature (in history) at the age of 18 in 19105. He was then introduced to physics by his older brother, Maurice, at the time secretary of the Solvay Congress which brought together the most eminent physicists in the world. Louis de Broglie thus discovered the minutes of the 1911 congress in preview6. According to his brother, reading these provoked "an internal coup d'état" and he devoted himself entirely to physics7. He then completed a two-year science degree in 19137.He did his military service in October 1913 in the Mont-Valérien radiotelegraph regiment; during the First World War he was assigned to the radio transmitter on the Eiffel Tower8 set up by Gustave Ferrié; a simple sapper in 1913, he ended the war with the rank of warrant officer.In 1923, he discovered that all atoms emit a wave, thus laying the foundations of wave mechanics at the origin of quantum physics9. The following year, at the age of 32, he presented his theory in a doctoral thesis in theoretical physics, defended before a jury including Paul Langevin10 and Jean Perrin11,12. Four years later, this thesis earned him an appointment as lecturer at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris (Henri Poincaré Institute), then, a year later, in 1929, at the age of 36, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "discovery of the wave nature of the electron".His thesis had previously been confirmed by two American experimenters, Davisson and Germer, who had demonstrated interference and diffraction of electrons by a crystal.His work on "matter waves" established the wave-particle duality, that is to say that all particles, and not just photons as Einstein had proven, are both energy and mass.In 1933, he obtained the chair of theoretical physics at the Henri-Poincaré Institute, succeeding Léon Brillouin. In 1934, he constructed a theory of light, called fusion theory or spin particle theory, which assumes that the photon is made up of a particle and its antiparticle13.He taught at the Faculty of Sciences in Paris until 1962, supervising the studies and theses of many students.At the InstituteAfter having been a three-time laureate, in 1926, 1927 and 1929, he was elected member of the Academy of Sciences on May 29, 1933, of which he became permanent secretary in 1942, until his resignation on September 29, 197514.Louis de Broglie was elected to the Académie française, at the same time as André Siegfried and Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot, unanimously by the 17 voters, on October 12, 1944, two months after the Liberation of Paris. Due to the four-year German occupation, the Academy had a dozen deceased members, several others in exile or imprisoned, and could only gather seventeen voters, three less than the required quorum. Nevertheless, the three elections were considered valid and the three new academicians took part in the following elections, before being received in solemn session.Elected to the first seat of the Academy, he succeeded Émile Picard. His official reception took place on May 31, 1945, providing the opportunity for a scene unprecedented in three centuries: the reception of an academician by his own brother, Duke Maurice de Broglie15.Scientific workLouis de Broglie's work is abundant: 153 memoirs and 46 other works and books, some of which are highly popular (Matter and Light, On the Paths of Science, Certainties and Uncertainties of Science, Research over Half a Century).He was admitted as a foreign member of the British Royal Society in 1953.De Broglie was the first high-level scientist to call for the creation of a multinational laboratory, a proposal that led to the creation of the OrganBut his mind gradually became clouded and his health declined. In the late summer of 1981, after an operation for a kidney condition, he completely lost his memory and became totally dependent. He stayed for several years at the American Hospital in Neuilly and spent the last months of his life in a clinique in Louveciennes7. He died there on Mars 19, 198718.His funeral took place at the Saint-Pierre church in Neuilly-sur-Seine. "The only official event was a solemn session under the dome of the institute. Neither the University, nor the CNRS, nor the French Physical Society (which he chaired), nor CERN did anything. There was nothing at the Henri Poincaré Institute, nor in any physics laboratory, nor on television, nor on the radio. The press barely mentioned it. »7.Unlike many members of his family, he is not buried in the private cemetery of Broglie (Eure) but in the old cemetery of Neuilly-sur-Seine22, 3rd division, 69th row.Single, he died without descendants and his cousin Victor-François de Broglie (1949-2012), from a collateral branch, succeeded him as 8th Duke of Broglie (1987-2012).Main theoriesMatter and wave-particle dualismDetailed article: De Broglie hypothesis."The basic idea of [my 1924 thesis] was this: 'The fact that, since Einstein's introduction of photons into the light wave, it has been known that light contains particles which are concentrations of energy incorporated in the wave, suggests that any particle, such as the electron, must be transported by a wave in which it is incorporated [...] My essential idea was to extend to all particles the coexistence of waves and corpuscles discovered by Einstein in 1905 in the case of light and photons. » «Any material particle of mass m and speed v must have an associated real wave», linked to the quantity of movement by the relation: λ = hp = hmv 1 − v 2 c 2 \lambda = \frac{h}{p} = \frac {h}{{m}{v}} \sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c ^2}}where λ \lambda is the wavelength, hh is Planck's constant, pp is the momentum, mm is the rest mass, vv is its speed and cc is the speed of light in vacuum.This theory laid the foundations of wave mechanics. It was supported by Einstein, confirmed by the electron diffraction experiments of Davisson and Germer. Through their work, Schrödinger and Max Born generalized it, but replaced its "real wave" with a probability wave.The purely statistical nature of this generalization was not approved by de Broglie. He said "that the particle must be the seat of an internal periodic motion and that it must move in its wave so as to remain in phase with it, [a fact] ignored by current quantum physicists [who have] the mistake of considering a wave propagation without particle localization, which was completely contrary to my primitive ideas23. »From a philosophical point of view, this theory of matter waves is what has contributed most to ruining the atomism of yesteryear. Originally, de Broglie thought that a real wave (i.e. having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. It turned out that the wave aspect of matter is formalized by a wave function governed by the Schrödinger equation which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation, without support from real physical elements. This wave function gives matter the appearance of wave behavior, without actually involving actual physical waves. However, de Broglie returned towards the end of his life to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter waves, following the work of David Bohm. At the beginning of the 21st century, De Broglie-Bohm theory is the only interpretation that gives real status to matter waves and respects the predictions of quantum theory. But presenting a certain number of fundamental problems, and not going further in its predictions than the Copenhagen interpretation, it is little recognized by the scientific community.Non-zeroity and variability of massThis section does not cite enough of its sources (December 2021). Importantly, in de Broglie the neutrino and the photon both have a non-zero rest mass, although very low. The mass of the photon is imposed by the coherence of its theory. Incidentally, this rejection of the hypothesis of a photon of zero mass allowed him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion of the Universe. [How?]Also, he considers that the proper mass of particles is not constant but variable, each corpuscle being able to be represented as a thermodynamic machine equivalent to a cyclic integral of action.Generalization of the principle of least actionIn the second part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalentFondation Louis-de-BroglieLouis-de-Broglie Foundation, National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.The Louis-de-Broglie Foundation was created in 1973, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of wave mechanics, under the presidency of Louis Néel, with the honorary presidency of Louis de Broglie, and subsequently chaired by René Thom, then by Georges Lochak. She was welcomed by the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts. The foundation defines itself as "a meeting and discussion place at the forefront of contemporary science for all physicists wishing to present and compare results and points of view, in the humanist spirit of openness and tolerance of Louis de Broglie."Since 1975, it has published the scientific journal Les Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie.PublicationsWaves and Movements, 1926For a complete list of the works of Louis de Broglie, see Works of Louis de Broglie [archive], ed. Louis de Broglie Foundation. Research on quantum theory [archive], Paris, 1924 (physics thesis); Introduction to X-ray and gamma-ray physics, with Maurice de Broglie, Gauthier-Villars, 1928; Waves and movements, Gauthier-Villars, 1926; Report to the 5th Solvay Physics Council, Brussels, 1927; Wave Mechanics, Gauthier-Villars, 1928; Matter and light, Paris Albin Michel, coll. “Sciences of today”, 1937; New Physics and Quanta, Flammarion, Library of Scientific Philosophy, 1937; Continuous and discontinuous in modern physics, Paris Albin Michel, coll. “Today’s Sciences”, 1941; Waves, corpuscles, wave mechanics, Paris Albin Michel, coll. “Today’s Sciences”, 1945; Physics and microphysics, Albin Michel, coll. “Today’s Sciences”, 1947; Notice on the life and work of Paul Langevin, Academy of Sciences, 1947; Electronic and corpuscular optics, Herman, 1950; Scholars and discoveries, Paris, Albin Michel, coll. "Scholars and the World", 1951, 400 p. (BNF 31876423) An attempt at a causal and nonlinear interpretation of wave mechanics: the theory of the double solution, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1956; New perspectives in microphysics, Albin Michel, coll. “Sciences of today”, 1956; On the paths of science (Collection of speeches, conferences and articles taken from various publications), Paris, Albin Michel, coll. "Scientists and the World", 1960, 419 p. (BNF 32933994) Introduction to the new particle theory of Mr. Jean-Pierre Vigier and his collaborators, Gauthier-Villars, 1961, Albin Michel, 1960; Critical study of the bases of the current interpretation of wave mechanics, Gauthier-Villars, 1963; “Hidden” thermodynamics of particles, vol. section A of the Annals of the Henri Poincaré Institute, vol. 1, pp. 1-19, Paris, 1964 (read online [archive]); Certainties and uncertainties of science, Albin Michel, coll. “Sciences of today”, 1966; Research over half a century, Paris, Albin Michel, coll. “Sciences of today”, 1976 (online presentation [archive]); Heisenberg's Uncertainties and the Probabilistic Interpretation of Wave Mechanics, Gauthier-Villars, 1982.DistinctionsThe Louis-de-Broglie cultural center in Neuilly-sur-SeineDecorations Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1961 Commander of the Order of Academic Palms Commander of the Order of Academic PalmsAwards and Honors Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929 Kalinga Prize in 1952 CNRS Gold Medal in 195524 In 1994, on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of his 1924 thesis, La Poste issued a stamp representing the formula λ = hmv \lambda ={\frac {h}{{m}{v}}}25. The cultural center of Neuilly-sur-Seine, the town where he lived, has been named the Louis-de-Broglie cultural center since June 29, 199226 Several schools are named in his honor: the ECAM Rennes - Louis de Broglie engineering school (Bruz); Louis-de-Broglie high school in Marly-le-Roi (Yvelines); Louis-de-Broglie College in Ancemont (Meuse); Louis-de-Broglie nursery school in Dieppe (Seine-Maritime).Notes and referencesNotes His brother Maurice had only one daughter, Laure (1904-1911), who died in childhood.ReferencesJean-Marie Pierret, Historical phonetics of French and notions of general phonetics, Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, 1994 (read online [archive]), p. 102(in) Francis Leroy, A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine, New York, CRC Press, 2003, 380 p. (ISBN 0-8247-0876-8, read online [archive]), p. 141 Extract from page 141 [archive](en) “For his discovery of the wave nature of electrons” in Editorial staff, “The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 [archive]”, Nobel Foundation, 1929. Accessed January 25, 2018Arnaud ChaffaFrom a philosophical point of view, this theory of matter waves is what has contributed most to ruining the atomism of yesteryear. Originally, de Broglie thought that a real wave (i.e. having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. It turned out that the wave aspect of matter is formalized by a wave function governed by the Schrödinger equation which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation, without support from real physical elements. This wave function gives matter the appearance of wave behavior, without actually involving actual physical waves. However, de Broglie returned towards the end of his life to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter waves, following the work of David Bohm. At the beginning of the 21st century, De

Price: 284.9 USD

Location: Strasbourg

End Time: 2024-11-08T07:12:42.000Z

Shipping Cost: 20.17 USD